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Multi-dose vial: difference between revisions

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108The best documented example is an outbreak of hepatitis C at an endoscopy clinic in Nevada, investigated in 2007 and 2008. Investigators concluded that reuse of syringes on individual patients, combined with the use of single-use propofol vials for multiple patients, transmitted hepatitis C virus; the investigation led to notification of thousands of former patients for testing. The event is cited in infection-control literature as the canonical demonstration that the syringe, not the vial, is the proximate vector.{{r|fischer2010}}108The best documented example is an outbreak of hepatitis C at an endoscopy clinic in Nevada, investigated in 2007 and 2008. Investigators concluded that reuse of syringes on individual patients, combined with the use of single-use propofol vials for multiple patients, transmitted hepatitis C virus; the investigation led to notification of thousands of former patients for testing. The event is cited in infection-control literature as the canonical demonstration that the syringe, not the vial, is the proximate vector.{{r|fischer2010}}
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+110Similar events have been reported in outpatient clinics, pain-management practices and alternative-medicine settings, and reviews of outpatient infection-control breaches identify unsafe injection practices involving shared vials as a recurring category. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's public campaign on injection safety was established in response to that pattern.{{r|cdc_injection}}
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110== Reconstituted peptides and multiple withdrawal ==112== Reconstituted peptides and multiple withdrawal ==
111Peptides distributed for research use are supplied as lyophilised solids and are reconstituted by the recipient, and the resulting solution is generally withdrawn from repeatedly. The compendial position on such a preparation is unambiguous and worth stating precisely.113Peptides distributed for research use are supplied as lyophilised solids and are reconstituted by the recipient, and the resulting solution is generally withdrawn from repeatedly. The compendial position on such a preparation is unambiguous and worth stating precisely.